The Rise Of The USA As A Superpower Essays - Energy,

The Rise of the USA as a Superpower The Ascent of the USA as a Superpower The turn of events and utilization of atomic force has prompted the United States accepting a situation as the genuine World Military Superpower. The Unites States was the pioneer in arranging, building, testing and really utilizing the most impressive atomic weapon known to man. This nation likewise drove the world in generally safe creation of atomic power. The main other contender to the United States, the Soviet Association, had poor pioneers, incited a poor economy, and in the end drove the nation to lose the race for superpower. During World War II, the United States started the innovative work of the nuclear bomb. Code-named the Manhattan Project, it occurred in a legislature constructed city in New Mexico called Los Alamos. General Leslie Groves and physicist Robert Oppenheimer drove the exploration to make this nuclear bomb. The mission was to construct, test and, if essential, release a nuclear bomb. With the numerous individuals chipping away at making and building this bomb, they finished it inside the short measure of time given. In July of 1945, they tried the atomic bomb in New Mexico. It was a triumph. The very one month from now, a nuclear bomb nicknamed Young man was dropped on Hiroshima. Just a couple of days after the fact, the nuclear bomb Husky Man was dropped on Nagasaki. It was around this time the United States discovered that no one, not indeed, even Germany or the Soviet Union, was anyplace near rivaling the U.S. in nuclear weaponry. The nuclear bomb was dropped not just to end the war with the Japanese, yet to show the world, particularly the Soviet Union, how incredible the United States was in its administration, its military, its innovation, and its kin. The way that it was a new bomb and being the primary sort of its sort at any point made likewise caused an excitement to utilize the bomb and perceive how it would function. These three factors are the purposes for the United States dropping the nuclear bomb on Japan, as they accidentally and inadvertently started the atomic age furthermore, the Cold War. The Cold War started as World War II was finishing. The United States and the Soviet Union came out of the past war almost equivalent in quality, with the United States having the high ground, being the first to make and utilize such extreme atomic force. It was during this time these nations were contending to turn into the World Superpower. Atomic force, for the reasons for power just as weaponry, would have been the deciding element with respect to who might be the more noteworthy Superpower. The United States initiative was solid what's more, sorted out. The economy was acceptable and becoming more grounded. The Soviet Union was not working out quite as well. Once in the past being under the standard of Stalin, with exacting centralization where it was just the most noteworthy gathering levels that settled on any choices who administered by pronouncement and implemented with dread, the Soviet individuals and economy was deteriorating. Exacting centralization proceeded and in the long run prompted monetary decrease, wastefulness, what's more, lack of care during the 1970s and 1980s, and added to the Chernobyl' atomic calamity. The incredible debacle at the Chernobyl Nuclear Force Plant in 1986 was the last string slice that drove not exclusively to the Soviet Association losing its war to turn into the best World Superpower, yet moreover, the breakdown of the Soviet framework. The Chernobyl Nuclear Powerplant was being controlled by individuals who committed errors keeping up the force flexibly, who were burnt out on their own nation, and who basically couldn't have cared less. This indiscreet lead prompted poor support and low yield of atomic power. To address for this, a few stages were taken to build the power yield. During the push to address the low force yield, one last mistake happened, and the results were colossal. One of the reactors detonated and discharged immense dosages of radiation. The goal-oriented atomic force program of the Soviet Union was currently finished. The Unites States drove the world in atomic innovation by creating the nuclear bomb, and had the mental fortitude to utilize it - twice. This demonstrated to the world that the United States was a Superpower they should fear. The United States additionally had great pioneers whom kept the economy solid, and maintained the individuals in control. The Soviet Union in any case, trailed behing the United States. They didn't have the innovation to deliver the measure of atomic force that the United States had, nor the economy to help the examination. Their economy was not just poor, yet additionally persistently declining. With these

Use Of The Nursing Informatics Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Talk about the Use Of The Nursing Informatics. Answer: Presentation Persistent focused consideration is a significant angle ofnursing and great consideration. The utilization of thenursing informatics and the online web based life assists with encouraging the individual focused consideration. The key highlights of the both the frameworks are talked about in the article. Further, the nature of both the frameworks innursing practice to convey the individual focused consideration is assessed. The assessment depends on components of spread of data, effectiveness, moral issues, potential identified with the administration of patients, secrecy and protection. The chances of these framework in advancing advancement innursing or setting up the restorative relationship with patients is talked about. The investigation likewise incorporates the applicable approaches at the administrative level and the administration level. Individual focused consideration Patients ought to get right consideration at opportune time. This is conceivable on the off chance that they get the correct data, by right suppliers. Data innovation is helpful to give right data to the patients and it is the core of the patient focused consideration. Individual focused consideration is the kind of care given to the patients that includes worth and importance. Individual focused consideration is the nursing rule of treating every patient similarly, exclusively, by building up helpful relationship with them. Helpful connection between the parental figure and the client depends on common trust and comprehension (Entwistle Watt 2013, p. 30). Regarding the customers social qualities, needs, and inclinations is the main standard of the patient focused consideration. It helps in dynamic as the customer feels that his/her nobility, self-governance and regard are kept up. The second standard of the individual focused consideration is the consideration coordination and reconciliation. The sentiments of weakness and feebleness can be killed by coordination of clinical consideration, bleeding edge persistent consideration, and the auxiliary help. The third guideline is the advancement of wellbeing by giving the correct data and instruction to the patients. The fourth standard is the arrangement of enthusiastic help and improving the physical solace to diminish uneasiness and dread in patients. The fifth rule is family inclusion for shared dynamic and the last rule is to help the patients self-caring ability after release. It likewise incorporates supporting the patients to have ceaseless, social, money related, physical, and cli nical help (Eaton Roberts Turner 2015). Wellbeing informatics Human services data, with the utilization of innovation can be procured and put away. It is called informatics. Medical caretakers use informatics to give data to the clinicians. The clinicians can utilize this information and coordinate the data to convey understanding focused consideration (Snyder et al. 2011). Medical caretakers utilize electrical wellbeing record framework or EHR to oversee muddled wellbeing information of the patient. ePAS which represents electronic Patient Administration System is the central module of the EHR and it gives free and open source programming. Informatics permits to have the participatory consideration record that improves the patient focused consideration (Snyder et al. 2011). In this paper the primary spotlight will be on EPAS EPAS-Enterprise Patient Administration System In South Australia, the EPAS understanding record framework is broadly utilized. It is the new electronic wellbeing record framework that permits to have all the patients wellbeing record in one spot. The medicinal services suppliers utilize the patients information recorded electronically. It is no more exist in printed copy group. This electronic record involves both clinical subtleties (determination, treatment plan, rundown of prescriptions, outputs and others) and the managerial subtleties (name, address, date of birth, arrangement records and so forth). With this framework, the clinical staff will have all the data at fingertips. They can audit these records whenever and choose about the necessary tests and prescriptions electronically at the bedside of the patient. It shows the compelling consideration, with more eye to eye time with the patient (Sahealth.sa.gov.au 2017). The different favorable circumstances of EPAS is examined in the ensuing segments. The upside of EPAS is the sharing of the clinical data to the numerous suppliers. It helps the medical caretakers to work together with the multidisciplinary colleagues one after another as beyond what one part can get to the data in a given time. This procedure helps in speedy dynamic, as there is no deferral in the information recovery and move among persistent and the wellbeing suppliers. Along these lines, this device goes about as a scaffold between the patients and the medical attendants and takes out the correspondence hole. Be that as it may, without the utilization of suitable advances, it is hard to utilize the capability of EPAS (Hanna 2017, p. 495). This epic methodology gives dynamic presentation framework. It forestalls the issue identified with patients data being covered in many pages. Rather, at the purpose of care, it carefully shows the tremendous history of the patient, alongside the examples of reactions, and other fundamental parts of their lives. The clinical r ecords in the static history are lost and moving these records from here permits to customize the consideration. It is additionally profitable to utilize when the patients discourse is weakened (Sewell Thede 2013). A few analysts considered the adequacy of conveying the individual focused consideration in the nursing by the utilization of informatics. According to the evaluation report by McGonigle, the patient security is expanding and improving by the utilization of nursing informatics, especially the EHR and EPAS framework. Nursing informatics helps in gathering proof identified with patients medical problem and configuration suitable mediation. Patient can gripe on hypersensitivities because of drug or any complexity in EPAS framework. In this way, it is prompting proof based practice. It very well may be presumed that the nursing informatics is altogether affecting the clinical practice. It is worthwhile as it diminishes the time put by the medical attendants in the circuitous consideration. These reports indicated an improvement in the nursing analysis and the ID of the treatment manifestations. Further, a general improvement was seen in treating the psychosocial issues utilizing EPAS. It relates to speedy information catch and its combination in the purpose of care. EPAS additionally improved the individual focused consideration in oncology nursing care (McGonigle 2014, p. 324). The significant difficulties with EPAS include bargaining the security of the patients wellbeing data. According to the assessment of the nursing informatics especially the EPAS framework by Demiris Kneale (2015, p. 15), there are a few disadvantages to the framework. Patients are stressed to lose their protection and secrecy of data. Penetrate of security may include a few ethico-legitimate results. Different variables that are sabotaging the capability of the nursing informatics are absence of achievability, social disparity and wellbeing proficiency of patients. Medical caretakers are likewise confronting difficulties because of immense range of data from which they need to locate the great data for application at purpose of care. At times, the medical caretakers were found to neglect to coordinate the clinical information of the patients. It was because of the absence of PC aptitudes and adequate information on the data innovation. Further, in EPAS framework there is absence of s uitable rundown of medications utilized in South Australia, as it is American based programming. It forestalled them to advance or access wellbeing sites. The medical attendants neglected to think about the respectability of the patients information, availability and responsibility for blunders. Then again, the utilization of innovation has likewise improved the nursing profitability as it made, uplifting mentality and decreased medicine mistakes (Snyder et al. 2011, p. 211). It is prescribed by the AMIA to start the preparation and instruction programs for medical caretakers on utilization of informatics (AMIA 2013). The medical attendants ought to figure out how to utilize creative and systematic procedures for logical request and the best approach to decipher the data stream. Medical caretakers ought to conform to the National informatics guidelines for attendants and maternity specialists. The Australian Nursing and Midwifery Federation (ANMF) built up these norms. These norms stress on the data proficiency, the board and PC abilities for all medical attendants and maternity specialists (Eaton et al. 2015). Online web based life Web based life adds new measurements to nursing rehearses by going about as an apparatus for arranged consideration. This online internet based life comes in different structures state sites, Facebook, Twitter, online sites. With the coming of cell phones, it is anything but difficult to associate with individuals from removed places just in a single tick. This stage encourages the attendants to offer update to the clinicians, doctors, clinical understudies and different medical caretakers about the patients wellbeing status. In this framework, both the patients and the suppliers utilize the advanced interpersonal organizations (Hao Gao 2017, p. 2). The benefit of this online web based life stage in nursing practice is to connect with the patients living in remote regions. Composing the wellbeing special online journals can all the more likely assistance the patients to participate in wellbeing practices. It is valuable to rouse the patients through online journals to attempt the soc ial change. Sites like WebMed and Mayoclinic examine the pathophysiology of sickness in a clear language keeping away from such a large number of languages. So also, Twitter is other device for medical attendants and is the least demanding approach to associate with individuals during emergency, wellbeing security caution or medication review data (Bornkessel, Furberg Lefebvre, 2014, p. 504). In this segment, the attention will be on the utilization of the Facebook pages, by medical attendants to advance patient focused wellbeing. Facebook page Facebook pages such HER 2 positive Breast malignant growth quiet/family survivors gathering, I have Cancer leukemia, causes patients to share their wellbeing status and access important treatment or care support. These gatherings on explicit disease make mindfulness (Hao Gao 2017). The us

Are Light Cigarettes Safer for You

Are Light Cigarettes Safer for You More in Addiction Nicotine Use The Inside of Cigarettes After You Quit How to Quit Smoking Nicotine Withdrawal Smoking-Related Diseases Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Drug Use Coping and Recovery As of Dec. 20, 2019, the new legal age limit is 21 years old for purchasing cigarettes, cigars, or any other tobacco products in the U.S. Smokers in the United States used to be able to buy cigarettes that claimed to be ultra-light, mild, or light.     Tobacco companies developed cigarettes that were  advertised as a healthier choice than regular or full-flavor cigarettes in the 1960s and 70s, asserting they contained less tar  and nicotine. Numerous studies were  being published at that time that linked smoking to cancer, and this was manufacturers response to the issue. Smokers noticed that the  smoke from light cigarettes  did feel smoother and lighter on the throat and chest, so it seemed true that light cigarettes must be healthier than regulars, but this was not the case. However, the  idea that light cigarettes were a better smoking choice took hold and held fast for decades. What Makes a Cigarette Light Cigarette manufacturers defined low-tar  cigarettes in the following ways:   Ultra-light or Ultra-low Tar:  Approximately  7 mg or less tar yieldLight or Low Tar:  Approximately  8â€"14 mg of tar yieldFull-Flavor or Regular: Approximately 15 mg or more tar yield Machines that smoke cigarettes were used to obtain the tar levels for  ultra-light and light cigarettes, which is a  problematic way to make these measurements. Machines smoke cigarettes differently than people, so its hard to get an accurate reading. Further, no two people smoke in the same way, so tar levels can and will vary quite a bit from one smoker to the next. Machine-smoked tar yield will usually be lower than the amount of tar inhaled by a person. It is important to note that the tobacco industry itself decided on what defined ultra-light and light, and  not a Federal agency as you might expect. Cigarette manufacturers employ a few tactics to try to change the composition of tobacco smoke and how the smoke is inhaled in order to classify cigarettes as light, but with some concerning results: Cigarette filters made of cellulose acetate are used to  trap particulate matter in cigarette smoke (tar) to keep it from going into smokers lungs. Cellulose acetate is the white cotton-like material that makes up the interior of the filter.  Filters do trap some tar, but plenty of it escapes the filter and is inhaled. It also floats in the air and is the part of cigarette smoke known as third-hand smoke.  The paper used in light cigarettes is more porous than the paper used in regular cigarettes, allowing the chemicals in smoke to exit through the paper before reaching the smokers mouth. However, the chemicals are still in the air around the smoker and, if in an enclosed space, will be inhaled as secondhand smoke.The addition of tiny, perforated holes in the cigarette filter let air be inhaled along with tobacco smoke, thus diluting  the smoke. Unfortunately, many people unwittingly cover the holes with their fingers when holding the cigarette, defeating this purpose. Some smokers e ven deliberately cover the pinholes because the diluted smoke doesnt offer a satisfying smoking experience, and/or they take bigger puffs and smoke a few extra cigarettes per day to compensate for the lower nicotine yield. Are Light Cigarettes Still Available? The Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act of 2009 granted the U.S. Food and Drug Administration the power to regulate tobacco products.   One of the first actions taken was to limit how cigarette companies are able to describe their products. They can no longer use the terms light, low, or mild on cigarette packaging because science does not support this claim and it misleads the public. Tobacco companies are invested in casting their products in the most positive light possible, so losing the ability to brand cigarettes as light or mild was a blow. Sneakily, many have taken to color-coding?? cigarette packaging to trigger the light concept for smokers who used to buy these same brands (usually with the same colors) in the past. For example, Camel Lights are now Camel Blues, and Marlboro Ultralights are now Marlboro Silver. Elsewhere in the world, cigarettes branded as light are still available. There Is No Such Thing as a Safe Cigarette A report from the National Cancer Institute (NCI)?? concluded that light cigarettes do not represent any benefit to a smokers health. People who switch to light cigarettes from regular cigarettes are exposed to the same toxic chemicals and are at the same risk for the diseases related to smoking.?? Light cigarettes do not reduce the  health risks of smoking;  the only way to reduce your risk, and the risk to others around you, is to stop smoking completely.  Quitting also decreases your risk of lung cancer, heart attacks, stroke, and chronic lung disease.

The Kolb Experiential Learning Theory (1984) Drives A Large

The Kolb Experiential Learning theory (1984) drives a large component of my instructional plans. According to Kolb (1984), a person learns through experience and discovery. This theory is built around a learning cycle that involves 4 principles: 1) concrete experience, 2) reflective experience, 3) abstract conceptualization, and 4) active experimentation. Educators initially provide learners with opportunities to use concrete resources in learning about new concepts. Students then review their learning and reflect on the experience. This is followed by the opportunity to form abstract ideas using the new concepts and finally testing the concepts in new circumstances and situations. The following is an example of my application of†¦show more content†¦In support of the Kolb learning cycle, I employ the principles of Mayer’s Multimedia Cognitive Theory (2014) and provide my students with a wide variety of resources that support the fourth grade curriculum. According to Mayer (2015), students learn better with multimedia messages designed to reflect the workings of the human mind. The theory is based on 3 principles: 1) we receive messages best when they are delivered through two channels (audio/visual), 2) each of these channels has a limited capacity for delivery, and 3) learning is a process that takes place through filtering, organization, integration of knowledge based on prior knowledge. Our school has a subscription to IXL, an online math program that provides extensive opportunities for practice through effective and engaging audio-visual activities. Each student has an individual account. The program follows Nova Scotia math outcomes and is divided by grade level and math strand. I assign specific activities within the corresponding math strand. I am able to track student achievement levels in successfully demonstrating understanding of determining area through this program. IXL is an effective tool that provides the practice needed to enable students to move the new math concept of determining area from reception through processing to long term memory. I also use the constructivism model as an extension to determining the area of a rectangular surface. Through constructivism, students construct theirShow MoreRelatedKolb Learning Style Inventory7058 Words   |  29 PagesThe Kolb Learning Style Inventory—Version 3.1 2005 Technical Speciï ¬ cations Alice Y. Kolb Experience Based Learning Systems, Inc. David A. Kolb Case Western Reserve University May 15, 2005 Abstract The Kolb Learning Style Inventory Version 3.1 (KLSI 3.1), revised in 2005, is the latest revision of the original Learning Style Inventory developed by David A. Kolb. Like its predecessors, KLSI 3.1 is based on experiential learning theory (Kolb 1984) and is designed to help individuals identify the wayRead MoreThe Proposition That Different Personalities Contribute For Effective Teams 2205 Words   |  9 Pages‘Different Personalities contribute to Effective Teams’. Learning styles is defined as the process that learners use to sort and process information (Cano, Garton Raven, 1992). Eysenck (1978) who developed the personality theories of Extraversion (E), Neuroticism (N) and Psychoticism (P), noted that personality and learning are closely related. Furthermore it was also found that there is a large overlap between personality and learning styles (Jackson Lawty-Jones, 1996) and Duff, Boyle, DunleavyRead MoreWork Based Learning2798 Words   |  12 PagesIntroduct ion Work-based learning (WBL) as a method for learning is playing an increasing role in professional development and lifelong learning. There are lots of publications/articles available on Work-Based Learning, but the definitions and implementations vary from place to place. A Glass, K Higgins and A McGregor say that ‘Work based learning is any training that relates directly to the requirements of the jobs on offer in your organization’. This is one of the examples of WBL in the formRead MoreEssay on Managing Own Continuous Professional Development5781 Words   |  24 Pages 2.1 Evaluate prior learning and work-related experience to identify personal strength and weaknesses in self-development. Humans by nature never stop learning; we undertake learning at different stages of our lives and acquire skills and competences in variety of areas. These learning may have been certified (by an academic or educational body) whilst others are not certified learning through work, social and leisure time activities. 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We then proceed and discuss the main approaches used in modern virtual learning, before concluding with an examination of the fundamental aspects of the modern virtual learning experience. VIRTUAL WORLDS Virtual worlds have garnered academic attention over the last three decades. During this time, they have matured both in nature and appearance, evolving from simple textRead MoreStudy Skills for Distance Learning8547 Words   |  35 PagesSkills for Distance Learning Theme A BSc.(Hons) Engineering Management Degree Subject: Study Skills A report on the existing study skills of the author and areas where he can improve and develop his long distance work based learning techniques to successfully complete the Engineering Management BSc. (Hons.) Degree. Contents Page Title Page Content Page 1 Introduction 2 Learning Outcomes for Study Skills Module One Figure 1 3 Activity One Developing learning independence Read MoreEducational drama in education8389 Words   |  34 Pagesfor sustainable development and global citizenship and the Arts should be included in programmes in ESD. This paper presents an overview of a research project based on the hypothesis that educational drama might be a useful medium for teaching and learning in environmental, sustainable development and global citizenship education. Central to the project, an ethnographic case study employing a multi†case approach, based on three research questions, was a series of drama–ESD lessons, taught to threeRead MoreMarket Planning5637 Words   |  23 Pagesrelating to the size of an organization, the market or sector in which it exists, its culture, and the human beings that work within it. There is a huge body of research that has considered marketing planning and its models, structures and processes, theory and typologies. The only one thing that is certain is that, after considering the findings of a number of studies and as the output of many informed views, there is no common agreement on a single definition or approach to marketing planning. AfterRead MoreMethod of Teaching and Learning18614 Words   |  75 PagesFacilitating learning: Teaching and learning methods Authors: Judy McKimm MBA, MA (Ed), BA (Hons), Cert Ed, FHEA Visiting Professor of Healthcare Education and Leadership, Bedfordshire Hertfordshire Postgraduate Medical School, University of Bedfordshire Carol Jollie MBA, BA (Hons) Project Manager, Tanaka Business School, Imperial College London This paper was first written in 2003 as part of a project led by the London Deanery to provide a web-based learning resource to support the educational

Essay on Utilitarian vs Nihilist - 1497 Words

The Batman versus The Joker, your typical good versus evil, a conflict that has long held humanity’s interest. It raises the question, though, of what defines goodness and what makes something evil. Often the differentiation is based on morals, which prove to be the subject of discussion for philosophers when they’re going over ethics. This differentiation is also what can be given credit for why good versus evil is so compelling, in media the line between good and evil is often blurred in some places, requiring the viewer to make their own judgement on the ethics of characters, their actions, and their motivations. Depending on the ethics of the viewer characters can be judged on different criteria, for some it is only the intention of†¦show more content†¦While that is the basics of utilitarian ethics, Bentham does go on to elaborate further on the criterion one must apply to pleasure in order to determine its value. 1. Its intensity. [How much pleasure it b rings.] 2. Its duration. [How long the pleasure lasts] 3. Its certainty or uncertainty [The sureness that the pleasure will result] 4. Its propinquity or remoteness. [How many people it benefits] (Perry 459) Once the value of the pleasure is determined one must also take into consideration the probability that it will be followed by a negative feeling, the number of people for whom the pleasure will be less or more pleasurable, and finally the overall number of people who are affected. To be ethical, one must act in accordance with the principle of utility. A person is ethical if they commit actions that bring pleasure, the more pleasure to the more people the better the action is considered. This form of ethics disregards motive and therefor allows for lying,

Pepper V Hart Free Essays

Hansard is the official daily report of parliamentary debates and the record of what was said during the introduction of legislation. As one of the external aids, referencing to Hansard can help the courts to discover how Parliament intended the law to apply and put that into practice. Initially such documents could not be consulted for the purpose of statutory interpretation. We will write a custom essay sample on Pepper V Hart or any similar topic only for you Order Now In 1992 the House of Lords delivered a blockbuster in the case of Pepper v Hart [1992], which overturned the rule against consulting Hansard. However, more and more people argue that its drawbacks outweigh its advantages. The case of Pepper v Hart was between teachers at a fee-paying school and the Inland Revenue, and concerned the tax which employees should have to pay on perks. The school allowed its teachers to send their sons there for one-fifth of the usual fee. Since the amount paid by teachers covered only the extra cost rather than the school’s fixed costs, the perk cost the school little or nothing, and so they maintained that they should not have to pay tax on its. Nonetheless the Inland Revenue disagreed and argued that according to tax law the perk should be taxed on the basis of the amount its saved the teachers on the real cost of sending their children to the school. The reason why the issue of consulting parliamentary debates arose was that, during the passing of the Finance Act 1976, the then Secretary to the Treasury, Robert Sheldon, had specifically mentioned the kind of situation that arose in Pepper v Hart. He had stated that where the cost to an employer of a perk was minimal, employees should not have to pay tax on the full cost of it. By a six to one majority the House of Lords decided to allow reference to be made to Hansard. The permission was made in limited circumstances. First, legislation is ambiguous, or leads to an absurdity; Second, the material relied upon consists of statements by a minister or other promoter of the Bill. Third, the statements relied upon are clear. The main advantage of referencing Hansard is it can help to prevent the absurdity and injustice caused by the literal rule. When interpreting a tatute the courts can consult Hansard to see what a Minister had said about a piece of legislation in order to decide what Parliament had intended. This permission causes the effect that the literal meaning of the statute is not followed, which may help the courts to present more proper statutory interpretation. However, many people hold opposite opinion on the use of this source. A practical objection by the dissenting justice lord Mackay was the expense both in terms of time and money will add to l itigation. If debates were to be used, there was a danger that the lawyers arguing a case would devote too much time and attention to ministerial statement. Lord Steyn (2001) criticized that the counsel were expected to read all the debates in Hansard, which would add greatly to the time and expense involved in preparing cases. He suggests that much of the work of the courts is now concerned with the interpretation of documents such as statutes rather than the examination of precedents. The evidence in Hansard may be lack of clarity. The House of Lords directed that the evidence provided by the parliamentary debates might not be reliable and contain ‘conducive to a clear and unbiased explanation of the meaning of statutory language. ’ Moreover, it is difficult to discover the nature of parliamentary from the Hansard. Pepper v Hart seems to confuse the statement made by a minister or promoter of the bill with the intention of the legislature. Lord Steyn points to the nature of the parliamentary process: there are not ideal conditions for the making of authoritative statements about the meaning of a clause in a Bill. In truth a Minister speaks for the Government and not for Parliament. The statements of a Minister are no more than indications of what the Government would like the law to be. ’ Nowadays there is a trend that reference to Hansard can be found in every other case involving interpretation and construction of enactments often without any serious application of mind concerning their relevance or conformity with the aid down in Pepper v Hart. The advancement in technology is definitely a major factor contributing to this trend as it makes referencing much easier. However, electronic access relates only to recent years; for any other research one has to overcome the appalling indexing for Hansard. Due to its drawback, there is a trend that the courts are reluctant to allow references to Hansard without a fair bit of persuasion. Many restrictions are placed to prevent the overuse of Hansard. In 2003, the House of Lords restated the scope of Pepper v Hart that the court is called upon to evaluate the proportionality of the legislation, not the minister’s exploration of the policy options or his explanations to Parliament. The latter would contravene article 9 of the Bill of Rights. Overall, though allowing references to Hansard has an additional aid to interpretation is welcome, references to Hansard can give rise to further ambiguity i. e. legislation being found to be incorrect. Also, it is very costly in time and money. Since it is arguable that its drawbacks outweigh its advantages, more strict guidelines should be adopted to prevent its overuse in order to maintain the efficiency of the legal system. How to cite Pepper V Hart, Essay examples

Operating System Comparison free essay sample

This paper will discuss three main operating systems, Windows, Linux, and OS X. All three of these operating systems have features which are unique unto themselves. Although there may be arguments as to which one of these three operating systems is better it really all comes down to what features are needed for each user. This paper will describe the features that each of these operating systems has to offer. First, Microsoft Windows. Microsoft began its dominance in the early 80s by developing DOS also known as disk operating system. This is the first operating system made for a PC. Then came Windows 9X which was later called Windows 95. Then it had its predecessors of Windows 98, millennium edition, and Windows 2000. When Windows 95 came out Microsoft became the leader in operating systems. By 1998 Windows held 82% of the market shares in operating systems (Windows 9x,  n. d. ). What made Windows unique at this time was that it introduced the graphical user interface or GUI was a giant leap forward in how users would perceive their desktop experience. We will write a custom essay sample on Operating System Comparison or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page As PCs became more popular it became necessary to refine features of the operating system. Concerns about security, networking, and the use of various peripheral devices as well as various programs had to be user-friendly. It was not until Windows XP was released that it was finally very user-friendly to add or remove hardware or to have a higher level of capacity to run various programs on the machine. And then release of Windows XP Microsoft greatly improve the performance, extensibility, portability, and probably one of the biggest ones reliability. It came at a time when consumers were getting tired of the slower and less reliable operating systems that Microsoft had been releasing prior to Windows XP. Second, Linux. Unlike the Microsoft operating system whose code was securely guarded and never released for the public to see, Linux was free source code. This allows any user to peek into the deep inner workings of his or her operating system. This was a great advantage because minds from all over the world are now able to not only see the source code and to improve upon it and make changes to meet the many varying needs of each individual user. Originally called MINIX it was originally designed to run on the Intel 8086 microprocessors (10 Linux Features Windows Should Have By Default,  2012). One thing about LINUX is that it has been able to keep up with changing market of technology ever since its inception. And those commanded the following because flexibility to keep up with the changing times and stay ahead of other companies to be compatible with new technologies. What most users probably dont know are the features that LINUX has over Microsoft windows. With LINUX multiple users can be logged in at the same time. With Windows you have to switch users in order to be logged in. Another thing that helps LINUX to stay ahead is the predictability of updates. Users never know when Microsoft is going to have an update for any part of their systems. Linux users however can mark it on the calendar when their next updates are going to be available. Another thing that Microsoft likes to do is to make the consumer pay more money for different versions of their product and for the additional programs that a user generally needs in order to have a fully functioning system. Right out-of-the-box Linux comes with a full software package that its users immediately benefit from without ever having to pay anymore for it. About the only thing that Microsoft includes with its operating system is a web browser and media player. Usually even those programs need to be updated by the time you install the operating system. These are just a couple of the features that Linux has to offer, however, Microsoft could take a lesson and look at these features and try to incorporate them within their own operating system. Finally, Mac OSx. Mac had a slow beginning. One thing about it that has not changed, however, is that it is generally more expensive to purchase a Mac system than it is a Windows system. Despite this Mac has continued to gain popularity in the market. Its programs have proved to be more stable than Windows, as a result of this hardware for the systems generally last longer as well. This is due to the fact that Mac systems have more features that monitor and regulate the activities, temperatures, and functions that can wear a system down faster. Mac computers also become known for their vivid aqua screen. Because of this many graphic designers, special effects editors, and even musicians have switched to using Mac computers. Even despite their price, which to this day remains higher than the competition, Mac still shares a steady part of the market and its popularity continues to grow. One of the biggest things that has kept Apple very competitive in the market is their version of the tablet. They have also developed the iPhone and the iPod. Apple was the first to not only create these devices but also they made these devices work with each other in a way that no other company has done with any of their devices before. Three operating systems discuss in this paper each have their advantages and disadvantages from one another. The biggest advantage for Microsoft is the widespread use and compatibility with most every type of program out there. If youre a Linux fan then you appreciate not only the price which is usually free but also that it is open source software that if you have any programming ability you can make changes to it and improve your own experience and share with others. And Apple has some of the best programs for graphic designers and special effects. They also have their interoperable technology that makes it easy to share devices and view photos, music, and documents all in one centralized location on every device. In the end though it is still up to each individual user to assess their needs, their budget, and their preferences as to which operating system they choose to run on the computer.

Lord Of The Flies Essays (910 words) - English-language Films

Lord Of The Flies Essays (910 words) - English-language Films Lord Of The Flies All humans have free will. All the major characters in Lord of the Flies are human! And to take it one step further they are children. I think this is reason enough to explain why there are significant weaknesses in their personalities, which in the end lead to develop chaos on the island. Most of these weaknesses are exposed through out the book by temptation. When on this island the boys lose sight of sense and being rescued by taking up practices and adventures such as hunting and tribal dances. Take Jack for example, in our modern day society, the kind of child that Jack is would simply be labeled a little snot. He is a arrogant, power thirsting boy who craves stature and knows how to reach the top; he could be compared to a ruthless businessman of our times. If we were to label his personality weaknesses I would easily make the word length requirement for this essay, but when summarized they all come down to evil. In the Lord of the Flies, Jack is indeed responsible for a majority of bad events and trickery. Whether it is stealing fire, even though it would have been given, or leading people away from the one person who wants to help them and get them saved. This to me shows a comparison to Satan and Jesus. In the bible we are told that in order to be saved, (rescued) we are to stay with Jesus. Satan then comes and lures people away with trickery and adventures and makes Jesus despised and a outcast. Jack much like Satan tempted the children to join his camp through games, meat and hunting. Also Ralph much like Jesus offered a stable but fulfilled life through shelters, rules and regulations. Ralph does not impose these rules to be cruel and mean, but so things run in order and everyone is benefited. When comparing Ralph to Jesus it is only in the fact that in order for people to be saved they should follow Ralph, but Jack tempts them and they leave. Because Ralph himself although a better and fairer leader is not at all perfect and has significant weakness in his personality as well. Ralph to falls victim to the temptation of hunting and savagery and on page 188 he joins in with the murder of Simon. Jack invites everyone to his camp for a feast of meat that they gained through a bloody death of a sow. Ralph goes to have a look and is curious through this temptation and then gets caught up in the dance and murder frenzy. In the Lord of the Flies Piggy seems to take up the role of a disabled person, he can never join in and is constantly teased for this reason of simply being different. This creates a extremely low self-esteem problem and this brings out his personality weaknesses. Piggy always has a suggestion at the assemblies and always gives his point of view, by doing this I believe he makes himself venerable and the others take advantage. When Ralph made up the rules of the conch on page 43, Piggy is the first boy to take the conch out of Ralphs hand and say something. To me this shows that for Piggy to gather up confidence he needs to look outside of himself for a source of power. This is shown in chapter 5, Best on Water, when Ralph made a remark about Piggy sticking up to Jack, and Piggy says I had the conch, I had the right to speak without this right I doubt that Piggy would stand up for himself. Piggy lives for the rules and is the only one who truly lives by them and I think this is symbo lized by it being smashed when the massive boulder kills Piggy. Although the Island itself cant be described as a character it is in a way similar. It at first seems perfect like the Garden of Eden and all things function perfectly, or do they? For example in what sort of paradise would the fruit give diarrhea and stomach cramps. Also every time the boys venture inside the jungle it is mentioned that

ACT Test Dates Study Plan for Summer Before Senior Year

5-Step SAT/ACT Test Dates Study Plan for Summer Before Senior Year SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Your senior year is coming up, and you’re ready to blow those standardized tests out of the water once and for all. It’s time to figure out the best study plan for you that still leaves time for summer jobs, shameful levels of ice cream consumption, and acquiring incomprehensible tan lines. Follow these five steps to make the most of your summer studying before your SAT or ACT test date! Step 1: Determine Your Goal The first step in creating a study plan is knowing how much you need to improve.You can calculate your target scores for both the SAT and ACT based on your college admission goals. Google your college of choice and â€Å"SAT scores† or â€Å"ACT scores† to find the score range of the middle 50 percent of admitted applicants - in other words, a 25th percentile score and a 75th percentile score. Aim for the 75th percentile score (a better score than 75 percent of admitted applicants) to give yourself the best chance of being admitted. Then, take a practice test to see where you stand score-wise, or,if you’ve already taken the SAT or ACT at least once (hopefully you have!), you can use that score to judge how much you need to improve.Here are some links to free practice tests for the SAT and ACT if you feel you’ve improved significantly since the last time you took the tests and need to get a new baseline score. Step 2: Figure Out How Many Hours You Need to Study Now that you know your baseline and target scores, you can use the difference between them to estimate the number of hours you’ll need to study to achieve your goals by the time of your SAT/ACT test date. Here’s an estimated breakdown of point improvement per number of study hours for the SAT: 0-30 SAT Composite Point Improvement: 10 hours30-70 Point Improvement: 20 hours70-130 Point Improvement: 40 hours130-200 Point Improvement: 80 hours200-330 Point Improvement: 150 hours+ And here’s the same infofor the ACT: 0-1 ACT Composite Point Improvement: 10 hours1-2 ACT Point Improvement: 20 hours2-4 ACT Point Improvement: 40 hours4-6 ACT Point Improvement: 80 hours6-9 ACT Point Improvement: 150 hours+ Remember, these are rough estimates, which means they’re not necessarily going to apply to everyone. That’s why the next step is about adjusting thenumber of summer-studying hours to meet your specific needs. Step 3: Factor in Your Study Habits and Learning Style You now have a rough idea of how many hours you’ll need to put in, but you might need to study for more or less time based on how you process information and how focused you are. Here are some factors that might lead you to add or subtract study hours from your plan. You’ll Need to Study for More Time If ... You get distracted easily - If you have trouble focusing, you probably aren't getting as much out of your study time. Make sure you study in a quiet place with your phone turned off. If you find you can't focus on studying for hours at a time, stagger your time throughout each week rather than studying in big chunks. You struggle with running out of time on the test - The more comfortable you are with the test questions and their structure, the less stressed you'll be about time. You're less likely to psych yourself out if you've studied enough to feel comfortable with the test material. You take a while to learn from your mistakes - On standardized tests it can be difficult to accumulate knowledge about your mistakes and apply it to future scenarios. If you have particular difficulty with identifying and understanding your mistakes, you may need more study time. You've already studied a lot without much score improvement - In this case, it might be time to change study tactics and commit to more hours. Reevaluate how you've been studying. If you're just taking a bunch of practice tests and not really investigating your incorrect answers, you probably won't see much of an improvement in your scores. You’ll Need to Study for Less Time If ... You are a super focused studier- If you really get in the zone when you study, you might not need to set aside as much time. You don’t have difficulty finishing the sections with time to spare- Since you're comfortable enough with the questions to get through them all, you've already conquered one of the most troublesome aspects of the test. You learn from your mistakes right away - If all it takes for you to learn the right way to answer a question is to answer it wrong once, you probably don't need as much study time as the average person. You are new to the test- This one’s unlikely if you’re coming up on senior year, but even if you just haven’t studied a lot up to this point, it will be easier for you to make improvements quickly. Remember that literal osmosis is not a viable studying technique. Step 4: Spread Out Your Estimated Hours Based on Summer Plans and Summer and Fall Test Dates Now for the actual plan - you know approximately how many hours you need to study, but how will you fit them into your schedule? If you’re planning to take the SAT or ACT on the first test dates in the fall, you have until October 5, 2019, for the SAT and September 8, 2019, for the ACT. If you want to take a test at the end of the summer, the SAT is now also offered at the end of August (August 24, 2019), while the ACT is offered in the summer on July 13, 2019(except in CA and NY). Note that the tests are held at roughly the same time every year, so these dates should still be good benchmarks if you’re reading this later. From the start of the summer you’re looking at aboutthree months of study time, with a little extra time once the school year starts up again.It's a good idea to spread out your hours out as much as possible week by week so you don't get overwhelmed. Here are a couple examples of plans for different point improvements: I Want to Improve by 30-70 Points on the SAT or 1-2 Points on the ACT You have an estimated study time of 20 hours, which is easily manageable over the course of three months.Choose one to two hours a week that you will set aside for studying.By the end of the summer, you will accumulate at least 20 hours of study time. If you think you need to study for more than 20 hours, two hours a week for the summer will give you about 30 hours plus whatever study time you can fit in during the fall before your last shot at the test. I Want to Improve by 130-200 Points on the SAT or 4-6 Points on the ACT For this level of improvement, the estimated study time is 80 hours, so you’ll have to be slightly more disciplined. Try setting aside an afternoon once a week that you will devote to studying.Five hours a week for the whole summer will get you close to 80 hours.After that, if you feel you need more preparation, you can do a little more studying during the fall before the test. I Want to Improve by 200-330 Points on the SAT or 6-9 Points on the ACT You’re going to have to put in quite a bit of effort to see the improvements you’re looking for no matter how good your studying habits are.Studying for 150 hours or more in the summer is a tall order, but it’s not impossible. In this case, you should schedule10 hours a week for studying.It might sound like a lot, but think about it: it’s the time equivalent of less than two days of school and you have the option of being outside or sitting in a comfy chair in a cafe as you do it. Whatever Your Goals, It’s Not Too Late to Get Your Scores up to Speed! If you think you'll need more study time, you can also take the tests later in the fall.The SAT offers November and December test dates, and the ACT offers October and December test dates.If you're considering these dates, check with the admissions offices of the colleges where you plan on applying to see how late they accept scores. I recommend signing up for the first available fall test dates to see where you stand after all your summer studying. If you don’t do as well as you hoped, you can then immediately sign up for the next date. I get it now! Thanks, disembodied hand! Step 5: Execute Your Study Plan, but Keep It Flexible OK, now it’s time to put your plan in motion!You’ve blocked out your study time, and you’re committed to following through.However, it’s important to remember to roll with the punches if conflicts arise (and they will!). Maybe you end up going on a family vacation, camping with your friends, or taking on a part-time job.Make sure you don’t let studying fall by the wayside just because you skip a day or a week.Be open to moving around your study schedule so that you can maintain your goals while also taking advantage of the summer in other ways. Also remember: if you think you should be studying more or if you don’t feel like you are getting anywhere with your current methods, it’s OK to change your plan.It can be critical to maintain flexibility in terms of study strategies if you want to see real improvement. Try to be honest with yourself about what you’re getting out of your time and whether you need to reevaluate your study habits and techniques. As long as you can maintain the right balance of flexibility and commitment, you’ll have a fun and productive summer! What's Next? Still trying to decide when to take the SAT or ACT? Learn which senior year SAT/ACT test dates are best for you.Also take a look at upcoming test dates for SAT subject tests if you still need to take those! If you've already taken the SAT, find out how many times you should take it in totalbefore you apply to college. Finally, if you're aiming for a really high score, or just want to know how you can make the biggest improvements, check out our guides to getting a perfect score on the SAT or ACT. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 7

Research - Essay Example The increase in crime is brought about by the creation of more hardened, violent criminals who are more likely to break the law and end up back in a prison. The number of prisoners currently is six times more than they were during the 1980’s. The rate of imprisonment is currently increasing along with the number of prisoners. The chart below shows the increase of number of incarcerated citizens from 1920-2006. Prison overcrowding is an issue that needs to be addressed by the General Assembly, so as to authorize the expansion of the correctional institutions. This study will focus also on programs and or activities that address the needs of inmates in a crowded prison. Inmate program or activities keep them productive and provides a powerful incentive for positive behavior maintenance, and has proved to be an effective management plan in prisons. This means that programs bring something constructive that inmates can do and learn; thus, creating less time for negative behaviors, meets inmates basic needs, assigns inmates to housing, define and convey expectations of inmate behavior, and supervise inmates. This makes the staff work environment safer with reduced violence and hostility threats. Effective jail program planning assimilates an assessment of jail and inmate needs with evidence-based programs. These programs are aimed to assess the needs of inmates in an overcrowded prison. These programs are divided into three types mainly: activity-focused, reformative, and reintegration. Activity-focused programs aim at keeping inmates busy w hile they are still in custody. Reformative programs offer inmates with knowledge and skills; this is vital as it addresses their personal needs. Reintegration programs concoct inmates for their reappearance to the community as productive citizens. Assessment of these programs will be done to demonstrate that even in situations where correctional facilities have minimal resources; the correctional professionals can plan,

Fashion and Appearance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Fashion and Appearance - Essay Example The essay "Fashion and Appearance" concerns the fashion and appearance. Marks and Spencer collection especially the Indigo Brand has a wide range of variety that speaks to me. I feel loyal to this brand because it is comfortable, brings out who I am as an individual and is not a hassle. At this point in my life, casual is my choice of style as it works for me any day any time. It’s quite manageable and appropriate for me as I dress the way I want provided it matches my personality. My style will definitely change but not completely. I still intend to keep my casual look when the mood calls for it and will change slightly to be at par with the trends keeping it classy and simple. When choosing an outfit, most fashion stylists advice clients to flaunt their proudest bodily asset and cover the rest. One can make the choice to accentuate one’s internal qualities and still look beautiful. The renowned Hollywood costume designer, Edith Head uttered,† a woman’s cl othes should be tight enough to tell you’re a woman, but loose enough to show you’re a lady.† This totals up the concept of dressing with some degree of class, leaving particular parts of your body to remain a mystery. Image 1 will make a best dressed list as the cloth is fitting; this is opposed to image two which is buggy. I believe fitting clothes make an individual appealing; this is evident from image 1. Clothes from image 2 make an individual look older than their actual age and not appealing. Clothes in my wardrobe include fitting dresses.

Contemporary American Lit Essay -- essays research papers

Andre Dubus, Raymond Carver and Shirley Jackson have changed the landscape of contemporary fiction both culturally and stylistically. All three comment about the affect upon the individual whose life circumstances have caused them to act the way that they do. When reading their short stories you can't help but notice that Dubus and Carver have very similar styles. Their use of the first person narrative allows them to step back from the story and have less of an interpretive influence. Their lack of total control leaves the reader to use her own logic and rational, while dealing only with perceptions. The first person narrator does not presume to have insight into each characters feelings and emotions. The minimalist details that emanate from this narrative place an importance on our individual perception. This style throws the reader directly into the middle of a scene without any background information or direction. Without a narrative presence telling the reader what to think abo ut a situation and with only fragments of details, we have to rely on what the narrator may or may not know. The reader is immediately put on guard to question the situation. While not all the stories are in first person, a majority of them are. None of these authors appear to be intellectual writers. Dubus' characters are rarely able to escape into abstraction: they exist, at times irritatingly, in the here and now, they drink, commit adultery and break, often beyond repair. Like Carver, his sto...

Was Darwin Wrong?

{draw:g} {draw:g} {draw:g} Table of Contents Introduction Who was Charles Darwin? Charles Darwin was born in 1809 in Shrewsbury, England. Originally, Darwin did not believe in the idea of evolution and trained to be a priest before studying geology and biology. In 1831, when Darwin was 22, he set sail around the world on HMS Beagle, a naval survey ship. The trip lasted for 5 years during which time the ship stopped at many places including the Galapagos Islands, just off the west coast of South America. Darwin examined animals and plants from everywhere he visited, taking specimens back to England and recording his observations in a diary. However he was most intrigued by the finches on the Galapagos Islands†¦ What was Darwin’s Theory of Natural Selection? {draw:frame} Darwin noticed that there were wide variations in the finches’ size, beaks and claws. He decided the beaks were designed for eating different things and concluded that the finches must have evolved from just one species which had changed over time. They had adapted to their surroundings. In order to begin to understand natural selection, it is important recognise how the many hundreds of thousands of living organisms are classified. The diagram on the next page shows an example of how we determine a species. {draw:frame} {draw:rect} A species can be defined as a group of organisms so similar they can breed together to form fertile offspring. For example, a horse and a donkey can breed to produce a mule but the mule, is infertile therefore showing a horse and a donkey are of different species. Within a species there are still differences and this variation is very important in evolution because without them, natural selection could not occur. Variation can be either genetic, environmental or a combination of both. For example: Variation caused by genes includes eye colour , gender Variation caused by the environment includes accent Variation caused by a combination of both includes high blood pressure, weight Nearly all variation is caused by a combination of these factors. Many people before Darwin thought about evolution and most scientists agreed that life on earth started from a few, simple living things. Alfred Russel Wallace and Jean Baptiste de Lamarck both had ideas about evolution, but Darwin was the first to come up with a plausible idea of how evolution happened. This is what he called Natural Selection and when he returned from his round the world trip, Darwin spent over twenty years working to prove his theory. Wallace wrote to him asking him for advice and together they wrote a paper about evolution. To summarize, Darwin’s theory is basically: Species change over time. This is supported by the fossil record. All organisms share a common ancestor which explains the similarities between organisms that are classified together. This is supported by evidence of vestigial organs and homologous structures (see page 6). Evolutionary change is gradual and slow. This is also supported by the fossil record. Another crucial conclusion Darwin made, was that there are always going to be too many of one species for each of them to survive. This is because they will always be in competition for food and space. He established that those best suited to survive pass their genes onto their offspring, which causes their species to change over time and could lead to their extinction. {draw:frame} {draw:frame} {draw:rect} {draw:frame} {draw:rect} {draw:rect} {draw:frame} {draw:frame} {draw:rect} Diagram to show the steps in natural selection Why the population of a species changes over time {draw:frame} In the above graph, the Canadian lynx eats the Snowshoe hare. No other cat is so dependent on a single prey species. Two years after a rise in the snowshoe hare population, there is a rise in the lynx population. Then, the Snowshoe hare population falls. When there are too few Snowshoe hares for the lynx to survive, their population starts to fall as well. Because the predator population has now decreased, it allows time for the prey population to increase again. As there is now more food, the predator population starts to increase again. This cycle repeats itself over and over. That is why we say there is a clear pattern of interdependence between the two populations. What Evidence did Darwin Use? Fossil Record A fossil is a dead plant, animal or other once-living thing that has been preserved for millions of years and leaves an imprint in stone. Almost all fossils are from extinct species. Darwin used fossils to prove that evolution happened. He could determine the relative age of various fossils by looking at the layers in the rock and he could see the changes in one type of fossil. For example, by collecting many fossils of one animal, he could see how it had evolved over time. An animal may become extinct when there is a sudden change in their habitat – for example food or temperature. A new species can become either the predator or the prey of a species already living there, thus placing either species under possible threat of extinction. The extinction of a species has an effect on the food chain. Limitations of the Fossil Record There are gaps in the fossil record because the conditions were not always suitable for fossils to develop. This meant that not every species was recorded as a fossil and sometimes a species would occur that had no link to a previous one. Also, because evolution happens over a long period of time and often in sudden bursts, (these bursts could be up to 10,000 years apart) evidence of smaller changes were not recorded. Vestigial Organs A vestigial organ is one that has little or no use now, but was well developed in its ancestors – exactly like our appendix. By looking at vestigial organs in modern species and seeing if older species had used that organ, Darwin could determine how a species had changed over time. Homologous Structures Darwin also compared homologous structures which are body parts that structurally similar in related species. If two or more different species have homologous structures, it shows that they have come from the same origin. For example, gorillas and homo-sapiens both have similar body features (hand, skulls†¦ ) illustrating that the two species have the same ancestors. Was Darwin’s theory accepted at the time? Darwin’s theory was widely rejected at the time because many people were creationists. This means they believe the creation story in the bible i. e. ll life was created in six days. Darwin’s theory of evolution challenged this view, but because there were gaps in the fossil record, it was hardto trace the changes in a species and convincing people, therefore was very difficult. Also, the age of the earth was estimated by using the Bible to be about 6000 years old, but this did not seem long enough for evolution to have taken place. Finally, although Darwin knew certain features were passed on from generation to generation, he could not explain why (see later). What other theories were there? Lamarck’s theory Lamarck had a different theory. He believed that by striving to fit into their surroundings, the animal’s bodies changed. According to his theory, the giraffe developed its long neck by stretching it to reach the leaves on trees. Similar to other scientists he explained that life started with simple living things. However, he believed that at each generation, they became more complicated. His theory did not take account of the single celled life that still existed on Earth. Lamarck could see the changes in a species, but tried to explain it in a different way because he was afraid that people would not support the idea of natural selection. Mendel’s theory George Mendel was born in 1822. Because he was poor, he joined a monastery, but also studied at the University of Vienna where he learned to carry out scientific experiments. At the monastery he learned how to breed plants and one of his jobs was to create better varieties. He was very interested in how features were passed on from one generation to the next and he decided to crossbreed different pea plants to see what would happen. He crossed red flowered plants with white and the resulting plants were all red. He then bred these plants together and this experiment returned mostly red but some white. Mendel concluded that there must be different versions of the same genes. What evidence has been obtained since Darwin? Peppered Moths – Kettlewell studies of the 1950’s During the industrial revolution, carbon (soot) coated trees in a dark colour. The once dominant and well camouflaged pale moths (typica) were now being replaced by the rarer darker moths (carbonaria). These moths continued grow in numbers and by 1895 they represented 98% of all moths in Manchester. Naturalists at this time suggested this was a result of the industrial activity on the local landscape and that the darker moths had a survival advantage. They had become so well camouflaged on trees they had stopped being eaten by birds, whereas the paler, typica species had now become clearly visible. The general population had changed from the pale coloured moth, to the darker coloured moth and this was another example of natural selection. In 1998, a scientist called Michael Majerus re-examined Kettlewell’s studies and concluded that the colour change in the moths is an example of natural selection, but predation by birds is only one factor – not the sole factor. DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) and Genetics Francis Crick, a scientist from Cambridge announced in 1953, he and James Watson had found the â€Å"secret of life† – the structure of D. N. A. D. N. A. is the material inside the nucleus of cells and carries the information of how organisms develop. It is copied when new cells are made, but can be damaged or changed, usually resulting in the death of the cell. Genes are passed on from parents to offspring ensuring that the most successful individuals survive. Variation is caused because of differences in genes. Bacterial antibiotic resistance Sometimes a mutation in D. N. A. can be beneficial for the bacteria. For example bacteria can become resistant to antibiotics and this gives them an added advantage over non-resistant bacteria. Why I think that new evidence will continue support Darwin’s theory I think that new evidence will continue to support Darwin’s theory for a number of reasons: Advances in technology mean newer ways of discovering the past will become available As species evolve further, scientists will have etter records to get information from Now scientists know what they are looking for which provides evidence of evolution Overall, I agree with the scientific belief today that â€Å"natural selection is the mechanism which leads to adaption and diversity† whilst â€Å"genetics provide the mechanics for traits to be inherited† Bibliography

Christian Brothers University ACT Scores, Admit Rate