The Rise Of The USA As A Superpower Essays - Energy,

The Rise of the USA as a Superpower The Ascent of the USA as a Superpower The turn of events and utilization of atomic force has prompted the United States accepting a situation as the genuine World Military Superpower. The Unites States was the pioneer in arranging, building, testing and really utilizing the most impressive atomic weapon known to man. This nation likewise drove the world in generally safe creation of atomic power. The main other contender to the United States, the Soviet Association, had poor pioneers, incited a poor economy, and in the end drove the nation to lose the race for superpower. During World War II, the United States started the innovative work of the nuclear bomb. Code-named the Manhattan Project, it occurred in a legislature constructed city in New Mexico called Los Alamos. General Leslie Groves and physicist Robert Oppenheimer drove the exploration to make this nuclear bomb. The mission was to construct, test and, if essential, release a nuclear bomb. With the numerous individuals chipping away at making and building this bomb, they finished it inside the short measure of time given. In July of 1945, they tried the atomic bomb in New Mexico. It was a triumph. The very one month from now, a nuclear bomb nicknamed Young man was dropped on Hiroshima. Just a couple of days after the fact, the nuclear bomb Husky Man was dropped on Nagasaki. It was around this time the United States discovered that no one, not indeed, even Germany or the Soviet Union, was anyplace near rivaling the U.S. in nuclear weaponry. The nuclear bomb was dropped not just to end the war with the Japanese, yet to show the world, particularly the Soviet Union, how incredible the United States was in its administration, its military, its innovation, and its kin. The way that it was a new bomb and being the primary sort of its sort at any point made likewise caused an excitement to utilize the bomb and perceive how it would function. These three factors are the purposes for the United States dropping the nuclear bomb on Japan, as they accidentally and inadvertently started the atomic age furthermore, the Cold War. The Cold War started as World War II was finishing. The United States and the Soviet Union came out of the past war almost equivalent in quality, with the United States having the high ground, being the first to make and utilize such extreme atomic force. It was during this time these nations were contending to turn into the World Superpower. Atomic force, for the reasons for power just as weaponry, would have been the deciding element with respect to who might be the more noteworthy Superpower. The United States initiative was solid what's more, sorted out. The economy was acceptable and becoming more grounded. The Soviet Union was not working out quite as well. Once in the past being under the standard of Stalin, with exacting centralization where it was just the most noteworthy gathering levels that settled on any choices who administered by pronouncement and implemented with dread, the Soviet individuals and economy was deteriorating. Exacting centralization proceeded and in the long run prompted monetary decrease, wastefulness, what's more, lack of care during the 1970s and 1980s, and added to the Chernobyl' atomic calamity. The incredible debacle at the Chernobyl Nuclear Force Plant in 1986 was the last string slice that drove not exclusively to the Soviet Association losing its war to turn into the best World Superpower, yet moreover, the breakdown of the Soviet framework. The Chernobyl Nuclear Powerplant was being controlled by individuals who committed errors keeping up the force flexibly, who were burnt out on their own nation, and who basically couldn't have cared less. This indiscreet lead prompted poor support and low yield of atomic power. To address for this, a few stages were taken to build the power yield. During the push to address the low force yield, one last mistake happened, and the results were colossal. One of the reactors detonated and discharged immense dosages of radiation. The goal-oriented atomic force program of the Soviet Union was currently finished. The Unites States drove the world in atomic innovation by creating the nuclear bomb, and had the mental fortitude to utilize it - twice. This demonstrated to the world that the United States was a Superpower they should fear. The United States additionally had great pioneers whom kept the economy solid, and maintained the individuals in control. The Soviet Union in any case, trailed behing the United States. They didn't have the innovation to deliver the measure of atomic force that the United States had, nor the economy to help the examination. Their economy was not just poor, yet additionally persistently declining. With these

Use Of The Nursing Informatics Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Talk about the Use Of The Nursing Informatics. Answer: Presentation Persistent focused consideration is a significant angle ofnursing and great consideration. The utilization of thenursing informatics and the online web based life assists with encouraging the individual focused consideration. The key highlights of the both the frameworks are talked about in the article. Further, the nature of both the frameworks innursing practice to convey the individual focused consideration is assessed. The assessment depends on components of spread of data, effectiveness, moral issues, potential identified with the administration of patients, secrecy and protection. The chances of these framework in advancing advancement innursing or setting up the restorative relationship with patients is talked about. The investigation likewise incorporates the applicable approaches at the administrative level and the administration level. Individual focused consideration Patients ought to get right consideration at opportune time. This is conceivable on the off chance that they get the correct data, by right suppliers. Data innovation is helpful to give right data to the patients and it is the core of the patient focused consideration. Individual focused consideration is the kind of care given to the patients that includes worth and importance. Individual focused consideration is the nursing rule of treating every patient similarly, exclusively, by building up helpful relationship with them. Helpful connection between the parental figure and the client depends on common trust and comprehension (Entwistle Watt 2013, p. 30). Regarding the customers social qualities, needs, and inclinations is the main standard of the patient focused consideration. It helps in dynamic as the customer feels that his/her nobility, self-governance and regard are kept up. The second standard of the individual focused consideration is the consideration coordination and reconciliation. The sentiments of weakness and feebleness can be killed by coordination of clinical consideration, bleeding edge persistent consideration, and the auxiliary help. The third guideline is the advancement of wellbeing by giving the correct data and instruction to the patients. The fourth standard is the arrangement of enthusiastic help and improving the physical solace to diminish uneasiness and dread in patients. The fifth rule is family inclusion for shared dynamic and the last rule is to help the patients self-caring ability after release. It likewise incorporates supporting the patients to have ceaseless, social, money related, physical, and cli nical help (Eaton Roberts Turner 2015). Wellbeing informatics Human services data, with the utilization of innovation can be procured and put away. It is called informatics. Medical caretakers use informatics to give data to the clinicians. The clinicians can utilize this information and coordinate the data to convey understanding focused consideration (Snyder et al. 2011). Medical caretakers utilize electrical wellbeing record framework or EHR to oversee muddled wellbeing information of the patient. ePAS which represents electronic Patient Administration System is the central module of the EHR and it gives free and open source programming. Informatics permits to have the participatory consideration record that improves the patient focused consideration (Snyder et al. 2011). In this paper the primary spotlight will be on EPAS EPAS-Enterprise Patient Administration System In South Australia, the EPAS understanding record framework is broadly utilized. It is the new electronic wellbeing record framework that permits to have all the patients wellbeing record in one spot. The medicinal services suppliers utilize the patients information recorded electronically. It is no more exist in printed copy group. This electronic record involves both clinical subtleties (determination, treatment plan, rundown of prescriptions, outputs and others) and the managerial subtleties (name, address, date of birth, arrangement records and so forth). With this framework, the clinical staff will have all the data at fingertips. They can audit these records whenever and choose about the necessary tests and prescriptions electronically at the bedside of the patient. It shows the compelling consideration, with more eye to eye time with the patient (Sahealth.sa.gov.au 2017). The different favorable circumstances of EPAS is examined in the ensuing segments. The upside of EPAS is the sharing of the clinical data to the numerous suppliers. It helps the medical caretakers to work together with the multidisciplinary colleagues one after another as beyond what one part can get to the data in a given time. This procedure helps in speedy dynamic, as there is no deferral in the information recovery and move among persistent and the wellbeing suppliers. Along these lines, this device goes about as a scaffold between the patients and the medical attendants and takes out the correspondence hole. Be that as it may, without the utilization of suitable advances, it is hard to utilize the capability of EPAS (Hanna 2017, p. 495). This epic methodology gives dynamic presentation framework. It forestalls the issue identified with patients data being covered in many pages. Rather, at the purpose of care, it carefully shows the tremendous history of the patient, alongside the examples of reactions, and other fundamental parts of their lives. The clinical r ecords in the static history are lost and moving these records from here permits to customize the consideration. It is additionally profitable to utilize when the patients discourse is weakened (Sewell Thede 2013). A few analysts considered the adequacy of conveying the individual focused consideration in the nursing by the utilization of informatics. According to the evaluation report by McGonigle, the patient security is expanding and improving by the utilization of nursing informatics, especially the EHR and EPAS framework. Nursing informatics helps in gathering proof identified with patients medical problem and configuration suitable mediation. Patient can gripe on hypersensitivities because of drug or any complexity in EPAS framework. In this way, it is prompting proof based practice. It very well may be presumed that the nursing informatics is altogether affecting the clinical practice. It is worthwhile as it diminishes the time put by the medical attendants in the circuitous consideration. These reports indicated an improvement in the nursing analysis and the ID of the treatment manifestations. Further, a general improvement was seen in treating the psychosocial issues utilizing EPAS. It relates to speedy information catch and its combination in the purpose of care. EPAS additionally improved the individual focused consideration in oncology nursing care (McGonigle 2014, p. 324). The significant difficulties with EPAS include bargaining the security of the patients wellbeing data. According to the assessment of the nursing informatics especially the EPAS framework by Demiris Kneale (2015, p. 15), there are a few disadvantages to the framework. Patients are stressed to lose their protection and secrecy of data. Penetrate of security may include a few ethico-legitimate results. Different variables that are sabotaging the capability of the nursing informatics are absence of achievability, social disparity and wellbeing proficiency of patients. Medical caretakers are likewise confronting difficulties because of immense range of data from which they need to locate the great data for application at purpose of care. At times, the medical caretakers were found to neglect to coordinate the clinical information of the patients. It was because of the absence of PC aptitudes and adequate information on the data innovation. Further, in EPAS framework there is absence of s uitable rundown of medications utilized in South Australia, as it is American based programming. It forestalled them to advance or access wellbeing sites. The medical attendants neglected to think about the respectability of the patients information, availability and responsibility for blunders. Then again, the utilization of innovation has likewise improved the nursing profitability as it made, uplifting mentality and decreased medicine mistakes (Snyder et al. 2011, p. 211). It is prescribed by the AMIA to start the preparation and instruction programs for medical caretakers on utilization of informatics (AMIA 2013). The medical attendants ought to figure out how to utilize creative and systematic procedures for logical request and the best approach to decipher the data stream. Medical caretakers ought to conform to the National informatics guidelines for attendants and maternity specialists. The Australian Nursing and Midwifery Federation (ANMF) built up these norms. These norms stress on the data proficiency, the board and PC abilities for all medical attendants and maternity specialists (Eaton et al. 2015). Online web based life Web based life adds new measurements to nursing rehearses by going about as an apparatus for arranged consideration. This online internet based life comes in different structures state sites, Facebook, Twitter, online sites. With the coming of cell phones, it is anything but difficult to associate with individuals from removed places just in a single tick. This stage encourages the attendants to offer update to the clinicians, doctors, clinical understudies and different medical caretakers about the patients wellbeing status. In this framework, both the patients and the suppliers utilize the advanced interpersonal organizations (Hao Gao 2017, p. 2). The benefit of this online web based life stage in nursing practice is to connect with the patients living in remote regions. Composing the wellbeing special online journals can all the more likely assistance the patients to participate in wellbeing practices. It is valuable to rouse the patients through online journals to attempt the soc ial change. Sites like WebMed and Mayoclinic examine the pathophysiology of sickness in a clear language keeping away from such a large number of languages. So also, Twitter is other device for medical attendants and is the least demanding approach to associate with individuals during emergency, wellbeing security caution or medication review data (Bornkessel, Furberg Lefebvre, 2014, p. 504). In this segment, the attention will be on the utilization of the Facebook pages, by medical attendants to advance patient focused wellbeing. Facebook page Facebook pages such HER 2 positive Breast malignant growth quiet/family survivors gathering, I have Cancer leukemia, causes patients to share their wellbeing status and access important treatment or care support. These gatherings on explicit disease make mindfulness (Hao Gao 2017). The us

Are Light Cigarettes Safer for You

Are Light Cigarettes Safer for You More in Addiction Nicotine Use The Inside of Cigarettes After You Quit How to Quit Smoking Nicotine Withdrawal Smoking-Related Diseases Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Drug Use Coping and Recovery As of Dec. 20, 2019, the new legal age limit is 21 years old for purchasing cigarettes, cigars, or any other tobacco products in the U.S. Smokers in the United States used to be able to buy cigarettes that claimed to be ultra-light, mild, or light.     Tobacco companies developed cigarettes that were  advertised as a healthier choice than regular or full-flavor cigarettes in the 1960s and 70s, asserting they contained less tar  and nicotine. Numerous studies were  being published at that time that linked smoking to cancer, and this was manufacturers response to the issue. Smokers noticed that the  smoke from light cigarettes  did feel smoother and lighter on the throat and chest, so it seemed true that light cigarettes must be healthier than regulars, but this was not the case. However, the  idea that light cigarettes were a better smoking choice took hold and held fast for decades. What Makes a Cigarette Light Cigarette manufacturers defined low-tar  cigarettes in the following ways:   Ultra-light or Ultra-low Tar:  Approximately  7 mg or less tar yieldLight or Low Tar:  Approximately  8â€"14 mg of tar yieldFull-Flavor or Regular: Approximately 15 mg or more tar yield Machines that smoke cigarettes were used to obtain the tar levels for  ultra-light and light cigarettes, which is a  problematic way to make these measurements. Machines smoke cigarettes differently than people, so its hard to get an accurate reading. Further, no two people smoke in the same way, so tar levels can and will vary quite a bit from one smoker to the next. Machine-smoked tar yield will usually be lower than the amount of tar inhaled by a person. It is important to note that the tobacco industry itself decided on what defined ultra-light and light, and  not a Federal agency as you might expect. Cigarette manufacturers employ a few tactics to try to change the composition of tobacco smoke and how the smoke is inhaled in order to classify cigarettes as light, but with some concerning results: Cigarette filters made of cellulose acetate are used to  trap particulate matter in cigarette smoke (tar) to keep it from going into smokers lungs. Cellulose acetate is the white cotton-like material that makes up the interior of the filter.  Filters do trap some tar, but plenty of it escapes the filter and is inhaled. It also floats in the air and is the part of cigarette smoke known as third-hand smoke.  The paper used in light cigarettes is more porous than the paper used in regular cigarettes, allowing the chemicals in smoke to exit through the paper before reaching the smokers mouth. However, the chemicals are still in the air around the smoker and, if in an enclosed space, will be inhaled as secondhand smoke.The addition of tiny, perforated holes in the cigarette filter let air be inhaled along with tobacco smoke, thus diluting  the smoke. Unfortunately, many people unwittingly cover the holes with their fingers when holding the cigarette, defeating this purpose. Some smokers e ven deliberately cover the pinholes because the diluted smoke doesnt offer a satisfying smoking experience, and/or they take bigger puffs and smoke a few extra cigarettes per day to compensate for the lower nicotine yield. Are Light Cigarettes Still Available? The Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act of 2009 granted the U.S. Food and Drug Administration the power to regulate tobacco products.   One of the first actions taken was to limit how cigarette companies are able to describe their products. They can no longer use the terms light, low, or mild on cigarette packaging because science does not support this claim and it misleads the public. Tobacco companies are invested in casting their products in the most positive light possible, so losing the ability to brand cigarettes as light or mild was a blow. Sneakily, many have taken to color-coding?? cigarette packaging to trigger the light concept for smokers who used to buy these same brands (usually with the same colors) in the past. For example, Camel Lights are now Camel Blues, and Marlboro Ultralights are now Marlboro Silver. Elsewhere in the world, cigarettes branded as light are still available. There Is No Such Thing as a Safe Cigarette A report from the National Cancer Institute (NCI)?? concluded that light cigarettes do not represent any benefit to a smokers health. People who switch to light cigarettes from regular cigarettes are exposed to the same toxic chemicals and are at the same risk for the diseases related to smoking.?? Light cigarettes do not reduce the  health risks of smoking;  the only way to reduce your risk, and the risk to others around you, is to stop smoking completely.  Quitting also decreases your risk of lung cancer, heart attacks, stroke, and chronic lung disease.

The Kolb Experiential Learning Theory (1984) Drives A Large

The Kolb Experiential Learning theory (1984) drives a large component of my instructional plans. According to Kolb (1984), a person learns through experience and discovery. This theory is built around a learning cycle that involves 4 principles: 1) concrete experience, 2) reflective experience, 3) abstract conceptualization, and 4) active experimentation. Educators initially provide learners with opportunities to use concrete resources in learning about new concepts. Students then review their learning and reflect on the experience. This is followed by the opportunity to form abstract ideas using the new concepts and finally testing the concepts in new circumstances and situations. The following is an example of my application of†¦show more content†¦In support of the Kolb learning cycle, I employ the principles of Mayer’s Multimedia Cognitive Theory (2014) and provide my students with a wide variety of resources that support the fourth grade curriculum. According to Mayer (2015), students learn better with multimedia messages designed to reflect the workings of the human mind. The theory is based on 3 principles: 1) we receive messages best when they are delivered through two channels (audio/visual), 2) each of these channels has a limited capacity for delivery, and 3) learning is a process that takes place through filtering, organization, integration of knowledge based on prior knowledge. Our school has a subscription to IXL, an online math program that provides extensive opportunities for practice through effective and engaging audio-visual activities. Each student has an individual account. The program follows Nova Scotia math outcomes and is divided by grade level and math strand. I assign specific activities within the corresponding math strand. I am able to track student achievement levels in successfully demonstrating understanding of determining area through this program. IXL is an effective tool that provides the practice needed to enable students to move the new math concept of determining area from reception through processing to long term memory. I also use the constructivism model as an extension to determining the area of a rectangular surface. Through constructivism, students construct theirShow MoreRelatedKolb Learning Style Inventory7058 Words   |  29 PagesThe Kolb Learning Style Inventory—Version 3.1 2005 Technical Speciï ¬ cations Alice Y. Kolb Experience Based Learning Systems, Inc. David A. Kolb Case Western Reserve University May 15, 2005 Abstract The Kolb Learning Style Inventory Version 3.1 (KLSI 3.1), revised in 2005, is the latest revision of the original Learning Style Inventory developed by David A. Kolb. Like its predecessors, KLSI 3.1 is based on experiential learning theory (Kolb 1984) and is designed to help individuals identify the wayRead MoreThe Proposition That Different Personalities Contribute For Effective Teams 2205 Words   |  9 Pages‘Different Personalities contribute to Effective Teams’. Learning styles is defined as the process that learners use to sort and process information (Cano, Garton Raven, 1992). Eysenck (1978) who developed the personality theories of Extraversion (E), Neuroticism (N) and Psychoticism (P), noted that personality and learning are closely related. Furthermore it was also found that there is a large overlap between personality and learning styles (Jackson Lawty-Jones, 1996) and Duff, Boyle, DunleavyRead MoreWork Based Learning2798 Words   |  12 PagesIntroduct ion Work-based learning (WBL) as a method for learning is playing an increasing role in professional development and lifelong learning. There are lots of publications/articles available on Work-Based Learning, but the definitions and implementations vary from place to place. A Glass, K Higgins and A McGregor say that ‘Work based learning is any training that relates directly to the requirements of the jobs on offer in your organization’. This is one of the examples of WBL in the formRead MoreEssay on Managing Own Continuous Professional Development5781 Words   |  24 Pages 2.1 Evaluate prior learning and work-related experience to identify personal strength and weaknesses in self-development. Humans by nature never stop learning; we undertake learning at different stages of our lives and acquire skills and competences in variety of areas. These learning may have been certified (by an academic or educational body) whilst others are not certified learning through work, social and leisure time activities. 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We then proceed and discuss the main approaches used in modern virtual learning, before concluding with an examination of the fundamental aspects of the modern virtual learning experience. VIRTUAL WORLDS Virtual worlds have garnered academic attention over the last three decades. During this time, they have matured both in nature and appearance, evolving from simple textRead MoreStudy Skills for Distance Learning8547 Words   |  35 PagesSkills for Distance Learning Theme A BSc.(Hons) Engineering Management Degree Subject: Study Skills A report on the existing study skills of the author and areas where he can improve and develop his long distance work based learning techniques to successfully complete the Engineering Management BSc. (Hons.) Degree. Contents Page Title Page Content Page 1 Introduction 2 Learning Outcomes for Study Skills Module One Figure 1 3 Activity One Developing learning independence Read MoreEducational drama in education8389 Words   |  34 Pagesfor sustainable development and global citizenship and the Arts should be included in programmes in ESD. This paper presents an overview of a research project based on the hypothesis that educational drama might be a useful medium for teaching and learning in environmental, sustainable development and global citizenship education. Central to the project, an ethnographic case study employing a multi†case approach, based on three research questions, was a series of drama–ESD lessons, taught to threeRead MoreMarket Planning5637 Words   |  23 Pagesrelating to the size of an organization, the market or sector in which it exists, its culture, and the human beings that work within it. There is a huge body of research that has considered marketing planning and its models, structures and processes, theory and typologies. The only one thing that is certain is that, after considering the findings of a number of studies and as the output of many informed views, there is no common agreement on a single definition or approach to marketing planning. AfterRead MoreMethod of Teaching and Learning18614 Words   |  75 PagesFacilitating learning: Teaching and learning methods Authors: Judy McKimm MBA, MA (Ed), BA (Hons), Cert Ed, FHEA Visiting Professor of Healthcare Education and Leadership, Bedfordshire Hertfordshire Postgraduate Medical School, University of Bedfordshire Carol Jollie MBA, BA (Hons) Project Manager, Tanaka Business School, Imperial College London This paper was first written in 2003 as part of a project led by the London Deanery to provide a web-based learning resource to support the educational

Essay on Utilitarian vs Nihilist - 1497 Words

The Batman versus The Joker, your typical good versus evil, a conflict that has long held humanity’s interest. It raises the question, though, of what defines goodness and what makes something evil. Often the differentiation is based on morals, which prove to be the subject of discussion for philosophers when they’re going over ethics. This differentiation is also what can be given credit for why good versus evil is so compelling, in media the line between good and evil is often blurred in some places, requiring the viewer to make their own judgement on the ethics of characters, their actions, and their motivations. Depending on the ethics of the viewer characters can be judged on different criteria, for some it is only the intention of†¦show more content†¦While that is the basics of utilitarian ethics, Bentham does go on to elaborate further on the criterion one must apply to pleasure in order to determine its value. 1. Its intensity. [How much pleasure it b rings.] 2. Its duration. [How long the pleasure lasts] 3. Its certainty or uncertainty [The sureness that the pleasure will result] 4. Its propinquity or remoteness. [How many people it benefits] (Perry 459) Once the value of the pleasure is determined one must also take into consideration the probability that it will be followed by a negative feeling, the number of people for whom the pleasure will be less or more pleasurable, and finally the overall number of people who are affected. To be ethical, one must act in accordance with the principle of utility. A person is ethical if they commit actions that bring pleasure, the more pleasure to the more people the better the action is considered. This form of ethics disregards motive and therefor allows for lying,

Pepper V Hart Free Essays

Hansard is the official daily report of parliamentary debates and the record of what was said during the introduction of legislation. As one of the external aids, referencing to Hansard can help the courts to discover how Parliament intended the law to apply and put that into practice. Initially such documents could not be consulted for the purpose of statutory interpretation. We will write a custom essay sample on Pepper V Hart or any similar topic only for you Order Now In 1992 the House of Lords delivered a blockbuster in the case of Pepper v Hart [1992], which overturned the rule against consulting Hansard. However, more and more people argue that its drawbacks outweigh its advantages. The case of Pepper v Hart was between teachers at a fee-paying school and the Inland Revenue, and concerned the tax which employees should have to pay on perks. The school allowed its teachers to send their sons there for one-fifth of the usual fee. Since the amount paid by teachers covered only the extra cost rather than the school’s fixed costs, the perk cost the school little or nothing, and so they maintained that they should not have to pay tax on its. Nonetheless the Inland Revenue disagreed and argued that according to tax law the perk should be taxed on the basis of the amount its saved the teachers on the real cost of sending their children to the school. The reason why the issue of consulting parliamentary debates arose was that, during the passing of the Finance Act 1976, the then Secretary to the Treasury, Robert Sheldon, had specifically mentioned the kind of situation that arose in Pepper v Hart. He had stated that where the cost to an employer of a perk was minimal, employees should not have to pay tax on the full cost of it. By a six to one majority the House of Lords decided to allow reference to be made to Hansard. The permission was made in limited circumstances. First, legislation is ambiguous, or leads to an absurdity; Second, the material relied upon consists of statements by a minister or other promoter of the Bill. Third, the statements relied upon are clear. The main advantage of referencing Hansard is it can help to prevent the absurdity and injustice caused by the literal rule. When interpreting a tatute the courts can consult Hansard to see what a Minister had said about a piece of legislation in order to decide what Parliament had intended. This permission causes the effect that the literal meaning of the statute is not followed, which may help the courts to present more proper statutory interpretation. However, many people hold opposite opinion on the use of this source. A practical objection by the dissenting justice lord Mackay was the expense both in terms of time and money will add to l itigation. If debates were to be used, there was a danger that the lawyers arguing a case would devote too much time and attention to ministerial statement. Lord Steyn (2001) criticized that the counsel were expected to read all the debates in Hansard, which would add greatly to the time and expense involved in preparing cases. He suggests that much of the work of the courts is now concerned with the interpretation of documents such as statutes rather than the examination of precedents. The evidence in Hansard may be lack of clarity. The House of Lords directed that the evidence provided by the parliamentary debates might not be reliable and contain ‘conducive to a clear and unbiased explanation of the meaning of statutory language. ’ Moreover, it is difficult to discover the nature of parliamentary from the Hansard. Pepper v Hart seems to confuse the statement made by a minister or promoter of the bill with the intention of the legislature. Lord Steyn points to the nature of the parliamentary process: there are not ideal conditions for the making of authoritative statements about the meaning of a clause in a Bill. In truth a Minister speaks for the Government and not for Parliament. The statements of a Minister are no more than indications of what the Government would like the law to be. ’ Nowadays there is a trend that reference to Hansard can be found in every other case involving interpretation and construction of enactments often without any serious application of mind concerning their relevance or conformity with the aid down in Pepper v Hart. The advancement in technology is definitely a major factor contributing to this trend as it makes referencing much easier. However, electronic access relates only to recent years; for any other research one has to overcome the appalling indexing for Hansard. Due to its drawback, there is a trend that the courts are reluctant to allow references to Hansard without a fair bit of persuasion. Many restrictions are placed to prevent the overuse of Hansard. In 2003, the House of Lords restated the scope of Pepper v Hart that the court is called upon to evaluate the proportionality of the legislation, not the minister’s exploration of the policy options or his explanations to Parliament. The latter would contravene article 9 of the Bill of Rights. Overall, though allowing references to Hansard has an additional aid to interpretation is welcome, references to Hansard can give rise to further ambiguity i. e. legislation being found to be incorrect. Also, it is very costly in time and money. Since it is arguable that its drawbacks outweigh its advantages, more strict guidelines should be adopted to prevent its overuse in order to maintain the efficiency of the legal system. How to cite Pepper V Hart, Essay examples

Operating System Comparison free essay sample

This paper will discuss three main operating systems, Windows, Linux, and OS X. All three of these operating systems have features which are unique unto themselves. Although there may be arguments as to which one of these three operating systems is better it really all comes down to what features are needed for each user. This paper will describe the features that each of these operating systems has to offer. First, Microsoft Windows. Microsoft began its dominance in the early 80s by developing DOS also known as disk operating system. This is the first operating system made for a PC. Then came Windows 9X which was later called Windows 95. Then it had its predecessors of Windows 98, millennium edition, and Windows 2000. When Windows 95 came out Microsoft became the leader in operating systems. By 1998 Windows held 82% of the market shares in operating systems (Windows 9x,  n. d. ). What made Windows unique at this time was that it introduced the graphical user interface or GUI was a giant leap forward in how users would perceive their desktop experience. We will write a custom essay sample on Operating System Comparison or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page As PCs became more popular it became necessary to refine features of the operating system. Concerns about security, networking, and the use of various peripheral devices as well as various programs had to be user-friendly. It was not until Windows XP was released that it was finally very user-friendly to add or remove hardware or to have a higher level of capacity to run various programs on the machine. And then release of Windows XP Microsoft greatly improve the performance, extensibility, portability, and probably one of the biggest ones reliability. It came at a time when consumers were getting tired of the slower and less reliable operating systems that Microsoft had been releasing prior to Windows XP. Second, Linux. Unlike the Microsoft operating system whose code was securely guarded and never released for the public to see, Linux was free source code. This allows any user to peek into the deep inner workings of his or her operating system. This was a great advantage because minds from all over the world are now able to not only see the source code and to improve upon it and make changes to meet the many varying needs of each individual user. Originally called MINIX it was originally designed to run on the Intel 8086 microprocessors (10 Linux Features Windows Should Have By Default,  2012). One thing about LINUX is that it has been able to keep up with changing market of technology ever since its inception. And those commanded the following because flexibility to keep up with the changing times and stay ahead of other companies to be compatible with new technologies. What most users probably dont know are the features that LINUX has over Microsoft windows. With LINUX multiple users can be logged in at the same time. With Windows you have to switch users in order to be logged in. Another thing that helps LINUX to stay ahead is the predictability of updates. Users never know when Microsoft is going to have an update for any part of their systems. Linux users however can mark it on the calendar when their next updates are going to be available. Another thing that Microsoft likes to do is to make the consumer pay more money for different versions of their product and for the additional programs that a user generally needs in order to have a fully functioning system. Right out-of-the-box Linux comes with a full software package that its users immediately benefit from without ever having to pay anymore for it. About the only thing that Microsoft includes with its operating system is a web browser and media player. Usually even those programs need to be updated by the time you install the operating system. These are just a couple of the features that Linux has to offer, however, Microsoft could take a lesson and look at these features and try to incorporate them within their own operating system. Finally, Mac OSx. Mac had a slow beginning. One thing about it that has not changed, however, is that it is generally more expensive to purchase a Mac system than it is a Windows system. Despite this Mac has continued to gain popularity in the market. Its programs have proved to be more stable than Windows, as a result of this hardware for the systems generally last longer as well. This is due to the fact that Mac systems have more features that monitor and regulate the activities, temperatures, and functions that can wear a system down faster. Mac computers also become known for their vivid aqua screen. Because of this many graphic designers, special effects editors, and even musicians have switched to using Mac computers. Even despite their price, which to this day remains higher than the competition, Mac still shares a steady part of the market and its popularity continues to grow. One of the biggest things that has kept Apple very competitive in the market is their version of the tablet. They have also developed the iPhone and the iPod. Apple was the first to not only create these devices but also they made these devices work with each other in a way that no other company has done with any of their devices before. Three operating systems discuss in this paper each have their advantages and disadvantages from one another. The biggest advantage for Microsoft is the widespread use and compatibility with most every type of program out there. If youre a Linux fan then you appreciate not only the price which is usually free but also that it is open source software that if you have any programming ability you can make changes to it and improve your own experience and share with others. And Apple has some of the best programs for graphic designers and special effects. They also have their interoperable technology that makes it easy to share devices and view photos, music, and documents all in one centralized location on every device. In the end though it is still up to each individual user to assess their needs, their budget, and their preferences as to which operating system they choose to run on the computer.